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水的英文简短 所有的水英文(3篇)

格式:DOC 上传日期:2023-01-18 02:48:03 页码:10
水的英文简短 所有的水英文(3篇)
2023-01-18 02:48:03    小编:ZTFB

人的记忆力会随着岁月的流逝而衰退,写作可以弥补记忆的不足,将曾经的人生经历和感悟记录下来,也便于保存一份美好的回忆。写范文的时候需要注意什么呢?有哪些格式需要注意呢?以下是我为大家搜集的优质范文,仅供参考,一起来看看吧

有关水的英文简短一

今天我们要去丽江古城游览。我国有两大古城被联合国教科文组织列入世界文化遗产名录,它们分列一南一北,各具特色,北方是山西的平遥古城,南方是云南的丽江古城。丽江古城由大研、白沙、束河三个相对独立的城建单元组成,大研古城是它们的集中代表,所以人们也常常把大研古城叫做丽江古城。从地域来讲,丽江大研古城是一座驰名中外的少数民族高原古城。

[大研古城的位置→历史]

大研古城位于丽江盆地的中心。请看盆地西南角耸立着酷似书天巨笔的文笔峰,丽江盆地则像一方碧玉做成的大砚台,古时“研”和“砚”相通,所以古城就叫大研,难怪人们说丽江文化昌盛是因为丽江钟灵毓秀、地灵人杰。

古城形成于宋末元初,明清以来一直是滇西北商贸中心和连接滇川藏的茶马古道重镇,至今已有800多年历史了。古城面积3.8平方公里,海拔2400米左右,居住着6200余户人家,常住人口约有2.5万多人,其中纳西族人口约占67%。丽江古城在1986年12月8日被国务院公布为国家历史文化名城,1997年12月4日又被联合国教科文组织列入世界文化遗产。

[古城选址]

丽江古城除了同苏州古城一样具有“小桥流水人家”的特色外,还在古城选址、街道布局、纳西民居等方面别具一格。古城北靠金虹山,西倚狮子山,东南向着千顷沃野,地势北高南低。这样的位置,冬阻西北寒流,夏送东南暖风,使古城冬暖夏凉,气候舒适宜人,我们身边的玉河水则为古城提供了洁净而充足的水源。可以说,古城的选址是十分科学的。

[水车→照壁→水龙柱]

我们面前的水车,有人说它是子母水车,也有人说它是情人水车。过去古城里就有水车,今天在一些偏远地方也还在使用。它可以用来舂米磨面,如果人住在高处或要灌溉的田地在高处,但水在低处流,还可以用它来提水。

水车旁是写有江题词的照壁,古城里有三房一照壁的民居,那照壁就像这个样子。照壁右侧是水龙柱。龙是管水的,古城里的土木建筑最怕火,但水能克火,所以立了这个水龙柱,以表达古城人民免除火灾的愿望。千百年来,古城人民像爱护自己的眼睛一样爱护古城,也请各位朋友像古城人民一样爱护古城,不乱扔烟头垃圾。

[世界遗产徽记→石刻墙→巴格图]

再看世界文化遗产徽记图案。外圈呈圆形代表地球、代表大自然;正方形内框为两只手合围,代表人类的创造;圆圈和方框内外密切相连,表示人与自然要和谐统一,丽江古城就是人与自然和谐统一的杰作。环绕圆圈的文字,分别是中文、英文、法文的“世界遗产”一词。

右边的这堵石刻墙,采用丹霞地貌区特有的砂岩雕成,是因整治古城外围环境,于1999年建成的景观。这堵巨型浮雕墙,高9米,长55米,名为“丽江古城盛世图”,展现了世界文化遗产丽江古城的白沙古镇、束河古镇、大研古城三个片区的古代日常生活场景。其代表性场景有白沙壁画、束河四方街、大石桥、大研四方街,还刻有东巴象形文字、纳西古乐演奏、男耕女织、古城民居大屋顶,是一幅浓郁的纳西风情画,称得上是丽江的“清明上河图”。

我们脚下是“巴格图”,又叫青蛙八卦图,是纳西先民根据五行学说创造的占卜工具。图案正中爬着一只青蛙,背上似有占卜经文,腹部横穿着一支箭,象征五方五行五色八位。箭杆朝东,象征“木”,木色青;蛙嘴朝南,嘴吐“火”,火色红;蛙腹居中,化为“土”,土色黄;箭头朝西,象征“铁”,铁色白;蛙尾朝北,撒出“水”,水色黑。此外,蛙的左肢指向东南,右肢指向西南,左脚指向东北,右脚指向西北,加上东、南、西、北,象征八方卦位。图案周围标有十二种动物形象,从正东方起的次序是寅虎、卯兔、辰龙、巳蛇、午马、未羊、申猴、酉鸡、戌犬、亥猪、子鼠、丑牛。这样,木、火、土、铁、水五行各配公母而得十,然后循环配与十二种动物而得六十序数。民间东巴祭司以青蛙躯体部位象征宇宙空间方位,布局阴阳五行、十天干、十二地支、八方八门,使之形成了特殊的占卜图,用来解释自然界,预测人类生活。巴格图对研究纳西先民的原始宇宙观,乃至对研究八卦起源,都具有重要的参考价值。

[古城布局]

古城的街道和房屋布局,可以说是以水为脉,随势自然。象山脚下的黑龙潭泉水流出千米长的玉河,玉河泉水在这里分为西河、中河、东河,在古城里再分成更多的支流走街过巷,穿墙进院,流遍全城,使丽江古城富有小桥流水人家的审美情趣。古城的街道、房屋随着水势、山势自然伸展,与我国许多古城的方正严整的棋盘式布局迥然不同,更体现出一种“天人合一”的园林之美。以水为脉的布局也告诉我们,如果哪位朋友在古城中迷了路,那么,只要逆流而上就能走出古城,走到入口这里。下面就请大家跟我沿着西河畔的新华街进入古城吧!

[五花石街道]

可能有的朋友已注意到我们脚下的铺路石,这叫五花石。古城里铺的都是这种美丽的砂砾石板,经过千百年人马的踩磨,已经相当光滑。这样的街道旱不灰、雨不泥,如果是在阵雨过后进古城,街道被雨水冲刷得干干净净,就像一条五彩斑斓的“花道”伸向远方,简直美不胜收。这种五花石是花岗石的一种,古城里铺的都是这种石头,难怪日本客人说:“你们丽江人真阔气呀!”

[小桥→流水→人家]

大家看,我们左边是西河,它流向四方街,流向木府,我们的右边是随着山势而建的纳西民居。这里玉水滢滢,垂柳依依,木桥座座,瓦屋鳞鳞,一幅“小桥流水人家”的景色。据统计,在古城3.8平方公里的范围内就有石拱桥、石板桥、栎木桥365座。丽江古城既是一座水城,也是一座桥城。水,对古城来说,是脉络,是血液,水使古城充满活力,水给古城平添秀色。可以说,没有了水,丽江古城将失去一半的妩媚。

游客们,在这古城里,除了这水给古城带来活力外,还有一个给古城带来活力的方面,那就是居民。直到今天,以纳西族为主的各族人民仍然工作和生活在古城里。他们自然祥和的生活,使古城古风犹存而又生机盎然,因此人们又把丽江古城誉为“活着的古城”。大家随时可以见到纳西大妈们,身着宽腰大袖上衣,腰系百褶围腰,背披七星羊皮,在经商,在娱乐。她们年轻时披星戴月地劳作,现在则老有所为,老有所乐。她们有时在古城中联袂而行,成为与古城十分和谐的一道风景,请各位注意观察。

[四方街]

游客们,现在我们到了四方街。四方街是古城的中心广场,它是由成排连接的铺面围成的一块近似长方形的广场街面,街场占地约有6亩。为什么叫四方街,主要有两种说法:一种说法是因为广场的形状很像方形的知府大印,由土司取名叫四方街,取“权镇四方”之意。也有人说是因为这里的道路通向四面八方,是四面八方的人流、物流集散地,所以叫四方街。四方街为什么这样有名呢?如果说我国北方有一条世界闻名的贸易通道——丝绸之路的话,那么,我国南方也有一条被称为“茶马古道”的贸易通道,它是藏区以及丽江的马匹、毛皮、药材等特产和南方的茶叶、丝绸、珠宝等商品的一条贸易通道,丽江古城是茶马古道上的重镇,而四方街则是这个重镇的贸易中心。

古往今来,白天,这里商贾云集,买卖兴隆,并且自然地归行划市,连周围的几座桥都成了一些商品的专卖地,如科贡坊前的这座桥叫“卖豌豆桥”,西南角的这座桥叫“卖鸭蛋桥”。到了夜晚,特别是节日的夜晚,这里又成了各族儿女的歌坛舞池,人们燃起篝火,在这里对唱山歌,跳起锅庄、阿丽哩、芦笙舞,通宵达旦。如果你巧逢这样的盛会,也会情不自禁地加入到他们的行列中。明代木公土司的诗句“一匝芦笙吹未断、踏歌起舞月明中”,就是这种盛况的真实写照。

也许大家已注意到四方街并不水平,而是向东稍有倾斜,这是为什么呢?四方街就如纳西谚语所说的,是个除了鸡辔头什么都有卖的热闹集市,没几天就会有许多垃圾,古城又没有固定的清洁工,古城人民就根据地势,巧妙地利用西河水自然冲洗街场。做法是:下午集市散了,人们就用三块铺板在街头河上一闸,西河水就漫上河岸流向街场,四周店铺的主人则用棍子乘着水势挑拨,污水流入东河,去灌溉千顷农田。利用河水自流洗街,既干净,又免了扫地之劳,这在我国的城市中恐怕是绝无仅有的。

[科贡坊]

这是科贡坊,原来是为这个小巷里杨家的“一门三举”而建的。丽江在清朝的雍正元年,也就是公元1723年实行“改土归流”,即由原来的土司统治改变为由中央政府委派的有一定任期的流官统治,丽江从此就由封建领主社会进入了封建地主社会。社会制度的变革极大地激发了民间子弟的读书热情,从“改土归流”到清末废除科举180年的时间里,丽江先后出了六十几位举人和七位进士。“一门三举”在文化发达的中原地区不足为奇,可在丽江这样一个长期由土司统治的边疆少数民族地区,却是一桩具有轰动效应的大喜事,于是官府和民众捐资在这里建了一座两层的科贡坊。清朝末年,这个小巷里又出了丽江最后一位进士和庚吉,于是乡亲们在被烧毁后的原址上重建科贡坊,并且升为三层。实际上,从“改土归流”到清末取消科举,光古城就有两家“一门三举”。现在,人口只有三十多万的纳西族,却拥有成百的专家教授;每年的高考录取人数,按人口平均数在省内也一直名列前茅。可以说,纳西族是一个崇尚文化、善于学习的民族。好了,大家可以在四方街活动30分钟,也可以买一些土特产和纪念品,30分钟后在这里集合。下面我们前往“纳西四合院”参观。

[纳西民居→四季博古]

纳西族的善于学习也反映在古城的民居建设上。古城民居在广泛吸收汉、白、藏等民族建筑文化的同时,也把本民族的建筑文化和审美意识融其中,形成了许多具有纳西特色的三房一照壁、四合五天井、前后院、一进两院等等,并在门楼、前廊的设置和天井铺地、门窗隔扇等方面形成了浓郁的地方特色和民族特色。目前,整个丽江古城(包括白沙、束河)的重点保护民居共有140户,而大研古城里就有112户。现在我们就进入“纳西四合院”参观。这是四合五天井,四合就是东南西北四方房屋,每相邻两房之间有一个小天井,加上中间的大天井共有五个天井,所以叫四合五天井。这四方房屋的楼上楼下都是相通的,所以又叫“走马转角楼”。大家看,这四方房屋的前檐柱下都垫有很高的五花石柱础,既保护了柱脚,又很美观,却不利于房屋的防震抗震,而丽江可是一个多地震区啊!主人难道不懂得这一点吗?大家说呢?原来,这种“走马转角楼”有一个特点,就是相邻两房有一棵前檐柱是共用的,两房的山架斗在同一棵柱子上,建筑上称之为“同梁合柱”。这种结构,不仅省了一棵柱子,还使房屋间的连接更加牢固,具有良好的抗震性能,所以主人才用那么高的柱础。

如果问这个四合院里哪一部分最富有纳西特色,那就是堂屋的六合门和六合门上的窗芯——“四季博古”。虽说这些也是学习汉族、白族文化的结果,但是到了现在,已没有哪一个民族像纳西族这样居家必有六合门,必有四季博古。这六合门,可装可卸,方便灵活,开则为门,关则为窗,平时只开中间两扇,遇有红白二事、客人较多时,六扇门均可卸下来。所雕的窗芯称为四季博古,构图内容多为四季花卉、博古器物,以寄托纳西人民四季吉祥、福禄寿禧、耕读传家的美好意愿。大家看,这叫“松鹤同春”,寓“春”和“寿”;这是“喜鹊争梅”,寓“冬”和“禧”;这是“鹰立菊丛”,寓“秋”和“福”;这是“鹭鸶采莲”,寓“夏”和“禄”;这是“孔雀玉兰”、“锦鸡牡丹”,请大家展开联想,看看它们有何寓意。

[丽江紫禁城“木府”]

现在我们就顺着木府的护城河前往木府。姓木的土司曾统治丽江四百多年,在占尽天时地利的狮子山麓,营造了规模宏大的土司府衙,被人们称为木府,护城河从北、东、南三面环绕着木府。大家会说,这也算护城河吗?原来护城河是又宽又深的,“改土归流”后,随着土司势力的衰落,护城河就越来越小了。

丽江古城还有一奇,那就是古城没有城墙,这是为什么呢?请大家回答。我来提示一下:土司姓木,而且历代土司热心于学习汉文化,也讲究文字避讳,请大家从汉字上去考虑。对了,木家居住的地方如果筑了城墙,就如同“木”字加了个框,成了“困”字,这当然不行。还有别的什么原因,就请大家见仁见智,议论一番吧!

木府快到了,我们面前的这座木牌坊上写着什么?“天雨流芳”,对。这“天雨流芳”四个字,原是明代的木公土司写的,后来散佚,现在我们看到的,是纳西族书法家、云南省书法家协会主席李群杰先生补书的。这四个字,既可以用汉语解释,同时它又是一句纳西话。用汉语可解释为“皇恩浩荡像春雨一样滋润着神州大地”;在纳西语里,“天雨流芳”是“去看书吧”的意思,真可谓一语双意,别出心裁。

木府到了。据说木府是仿照北京紫禁城建造的,这种僭越本分的做法,在等级森严的古代是决不允许的,因此,木氏土司从不让外人进去,连徐霞客也不例外。徐霞客受木增土司的邀请,在1639年明朝末期来到丽江,远望着楼阁巍峨的木府,在他的《徐霞客游记》里写下了“宫室之丽、拟于王者”的感叹,这句话已写在东边的照壁上。

这座石拱桥形似马鞍,叫金鞍桥,又叫玉带桥。这座桥之特殊在于它的长宽之比,一般的石拱桥,长比宽要长,这座桥则不然,它长仅3米,宽却达9.6米,这是为什么呢?原来木氏土司出巡或者回府,总是八抬大轿以示显赫威严,桥太窄当然不行,还同时考虑到这桥与高大的忠义坊之间的呼应协调。

木氏土司对中央政府忠心耿耿,上贡不断,特别是明朝万历年间,据说木增土司曾用马帮驮着万两金银,万里迢迢到京城进贡,明神宗大受感动,钦赐“忠义”二字,并下圣旨建这忠义石牌坊。土司对朝廷的忠义还可以从木府大门的对联上看出来,“凤诏每来红日近,鹤书不到白云闲”。这副对联来自木泰土司所写的纳西族第一首汉文诗《两关使节》,意思是皇帝的诏书一来,就好像离太阳更近了,感到十分温暖;如果好久没接到朝廷的文书,那么,就觉得天上的白云都懒散了。请大家进木府参观。

[仁寿桥→大石桥→阿溢璨]

现在我们前往百岁坊、大石桥、阿溢璨游览。大家看,在临街的房屋中,有的不是正面朝街,而是山墙一面朝街,对这一点,与梁思成齐名的我国著名建筑学家刘敦桢教授1938年来丽江考察时曾给予很高的评价。请大家想一想山面朝街的优点。由于中式建筑不太高大,屋坡又长,如果正面朝街则采光不足,所以山面朝街的优点是采光好。

仁寿桥到了。这是中河,这里本来只有栎木桥,清朝后期这个巷道里一户纳西人家出现过一位长寿老人,叫年世光,他活了108岁,一时传为佳话。于是,官府和街坊捐银建了这座仁寿桥,又叫百岁坊桥,并在东边五六十米处建过一座木制的百岁坊,这个巷道也就叫百岁坊了。

现在我们到了大石桥。这座桥建于明代,已有五六百年的历史。它是古城中最大的石拱桥,是古城的东、西两个部分的交通要道。“大石桥”名符其实,它又是四方街集市的延伸,曾经是麻布的专卖地,所以又叫卖麻布桥。

游到这里,大家对古城可算是一饱眼福啦。如果大家还想一饱口福的话,可别忘了抽个时间到附近的街巷里品尝丽江粑粑和鸡豆凉粉,它们可是丽江最著名的风味小吃。您既可以来个丽江粑粑酥油茶,或者来一个丽江粑粑鸡豆凉粉,这鸡豆凉粉还可以趁热蘸粑粑,也可以凉拌了吃。不论哪种吃法,都能让你余香满口,回味不已。

现在我们前往阿溢璨。丽江古城开始是由中河两岸的若干村落发展、连接而成,阿溢璨是最早的村落之一。我们面前的泉水井叫阿溢璨水井,井水甘冽纯净,据说还有养颜益寿的功效。井旁的碗是为方便行人喝水而放置的,由此也可以看出丽江民风之淳朴。在过去,古城里有乡规民约,晚上十点前后到第二天的早上十点前后,是居民到河里打饮用水的时间,任何人不得在河里浣洗或扔垃圾。假如过了这段时间还要打饮用水,就要到散布在古城中的单眼泉水井或三眼井里去打,这就保证了古城居民的生活用水。

[大研古乐会→东巴宫]

我们左边东大街有著名的大研古乐会和东巴宫,他们的古乐演奏各有特色。丽江目前有十几支这样的古乐队活跃在城乡。这里演奏的古乐分为“白沙细乐”和“丽江洞经音乐”两个部分。“白沙细乐”是土生土长的纳西音乐,是我国四大古乐之一,有笃、一封书、三思吉等调子,曲调舒缓深沉,缠绵悱恻。“丽江洞经音乐”原来是宫廷和道教音乐,有一江风、山坡羊、水龙吟等曲牌,由于丽江特殊的地理位置和纳西人民对古乐的钟爱,许多在中原地区已经失传的曲牌,却在云岭深处的丽江保存了下来。经过在丽江几百年的流传,已具有比较浓郁的纳西韵味,所以叫“丽江洞经音乐”。纳西古乐的演奏以“三古”著称于世。哪三古呢?古乐曲、古乐器、古稀老人。在古乐演奏中,除了传统的笛子、云锣、古筝等等以外,还有波伯、苏古笃等在外地难得一见的古乐器,加上演奏者多是白髯飘飘的耄耋老人。在古色古香的氛围里聆听古乐,会觉得古风拂面,超凡脱俗,油然而生“此曲只应天上有、人间哪得几回闻”的感觉,从而起到陶冶情操、净化灵魂的作用。今晚我们要去聆听纳西古乐,到时候再作详细介绍。

过去,这附近有许多客栈,有的专门接待茶马古道上往来的藏族马帮。有马帮就得有草料,我们面前的这块空地叫卖草场,这里既卖骡马的草料,也卖编草席草鞋的稻草、山草等等。这条街上有好几家土特产和木雕商店,欢迎大家参观选购。

现在我们已走到了东河边。大家还可顺道去东大街参观“金钥匙文化宫”与“和志刚书斋”。

[金钥匙文化宫]

在古城东大街“金钥匙文化宫”内挂着一把巨型钥匙,它是20__年为丽江古城列入世界文化遗产5周年而做的,纯铜打制,高20__毫米,宽716毫米,厚72毫米,重800余斤,象征着丽江古城800多年的历史。钥匙手柄正面刻有世界文化遗产标识,标识右下刻有金钥匙的纳西象形文字,左有音译“涵紫谷”字样,再往下是纳西族东巴祭司头上戴的五幅冠示意图案,也是暗喻丽江古城曲折的街道水系。驮载巨型钥匙的神龟象征健康长寿,显得稳重如山,也象征“涵紫谷”这一纳西文化的厚重和悠远。

“丽江金钥匙”是由丽江嘉和有限公司于20__年8月8日投资260万元开发研制,并获国家专利的丽江标志性旅游纪念品。目前投放市场的金钥匙,已有纯金、纯铜、纯银、铜合金、银渡金等不同质地、不同规格、不同包装的二十多种产品。近年来,丽江嘉和公司还把“金钥匙”作为一种对人的夸奖和评价,奖给那些能干的人和长寿的人。

[和志刚书斋]

和志刚是纳西族残疾人书法家,被誉为口书奇才。他的口书作品笔墨浑厚酣畅,独具“雄鹰折翅、志在蓝天”的风格。和志刚于1968年出生在丽江白沙古镇一户纳西农家,11岁时不慎触电,导致双臂高位截肢,但他人如其名,志坚毅刚,投入多于常人数倍的努力读完高中,同时用常人难以想象的毅力苦练书法,用嘴咬住笔杆,练出一“口”好书法。和志刚于20__年荣获“中国第十四届全国十大杰出青年”称号,位于古城东大街的“和志刚书斋”也被列为丽江市青少年教育基地。

[世界遗产丽江古城标志碑]

这座标志碑的整体造型以纳西族东巴文的“人”字为基础,碑上嵌着世界遗产徽记和纳西族神话传说中人类始祖的造像,突出“以人为本、创造历史”的寓意,体现“各族儿女与山河日月同辉”的主题。东巴经《崇搬图》中说,经过洪水浩劫之后,世间仅有崇忍利恩一人存活下来,后来他与天界仙女衬红褒白成婚,并从天上带着谷种、牛马,来到丽江过上农耕生活。衬红褒白生了三个儿子,长子说的是藏族话,次子说纳西话,三子说白族话,他们分别成了藏族、纳西族、白族的祖先。

游客们,今天我们跨过了古城的西河、中河、东河,不,我们跨过了上千年的时间隧道,从“清明上河图”中走了出来,即将汇入现代都市的车水马龙,希望丽江古城的小桥流水美景和丰富的民族文化给大家留下美好的记忆,也感谢大家对我工作的支持,谢谢大家。

丽江导游词4

丽江古城位于中国西南部云南省的丽江市,丽江古城又名大研镇,坐落在丽江坝中部,与同为第二批国家历史文化名城的四川阆中、山西平遥、安徽歙县并称为“保存最为完好的四大古城”大研古城是一座没有城墙的古城,光滑洁净的青石板路、完全手工建造的土木结构的房屋、无处不在的小桥流水。大研古城是一座具有浓烈人文气息的小城,明亮的阳光下,总会有步履缓慢的上了年纪的纳西老人悠闲地踱步,他们身着藏满历史的靛蓝色衣服,头戴红军时期的八角帽,对眼前身后猎奇的目光视而不见、不屑一顾。

丽江古城内的街道依山傍水修建,铺的大多都是红色角砾岩,雨季不会泥泞、旱季也不会飞灰,石上花纹图案自然雅致,与整个古城环境相得益彰。位于古城中心的四方街是丽江古城的中心,位于古城与新城交界处的大水车是丽江古城的标志,古城大水车旁有一块大屏幕,每日播放的歌曲即是古城最受欢迎最有特色的歌曲,其中《纳西净地》是较为出名的歌曲之一。

有关水的英文简短二

都江堰位于四川省成都市都江堰市灌口镇,是中国建设于古代并使用至今的大型水利工程,被誉为“世界水利文化的鼻祖”,是全国著名的旅游胜地。通常认为,都江堰水利工程是由秦国蜀郡太守李冰及其子率众于公元前256年左右修建的,是全世界迄今为止,年代最久、唯一留存、以无坝引水为特征的宏大水利工程,也是全国重点文物保护单位。风景名胜都江堰水利工程充分利用当地西北高、东南低的地理条件,根据江河出山口处特殊的地形、水脉、水势,乘势利导,无坝引水,自流灌溉,使堤防、分水、泄洪、排沙、控流相互依存,共为体系,保证了防洪、灌溉、水运和社会用水综合效益的充分发挥。

都江堰建成后,成都平原沃野千里,“水旱从人,不知饥馑,时无荒年,谓之天府”。四川的经济文化有很大发展。其最伟大之处是建堰两千多年来经久不衰,而且发挥着愈来愈大的效益。都江堰的创建,以不破坏自然资源,充分利用自然资源为人类服务为前提,变害为利。都江堰渠首枢纽主要由鱼嘴、飞沙堰、宝瓶口三大主体工程构成。三者有机配合,相互制约,协调运行,引水灌田,分洪减灾,具有“分四六,平潦旱”的功效。 最佳旅游时间都江堰全年气温较高,年均温12~20℃,冬暖夏热,四季不明显,四季皆适宜旅游。历史文化都江堰的创建,以不破坏自然资源,充分利用自然资源为人类服务为前提,变害为利,使人、地、水三者高度协合统一,是全世界迄今为止仅存的一项伟大的“生态工程”。

开创了中国古代水利史上的新纪元,标志着中国水利史进入了一个新阶段,在世界水利史上写下了光辉的一章。都江堰水利工程,是中国古代人民智慧的结晶,是中华文化划时代的杰作。都江堰水利工程。历经2260年而不衰,是当今世界年代久远、唯一留存、以无坝引水为特征的宏大水利工程。它是中国古代历史上最成功的水利杰作,更是古代水利工程沿用至今,“古为今用”、硕果仅存的奇观。与之兴建时间大致相同的古埃及和古巴比仑的灌溉系统,以及中国陕西的郑国渠和广西的灵渠,都因沧海变迁和时间的推移,或湮没、或失效,唯有都江堰独树一帜,有兴建源远流长,至今还滋润着天府之国的万顷良田。

由都江堰而产生的具有强烈地域色彩的都江堰水文化包括水文学、水文物、水神学等,诸如“二王庙”、“伏龙观”、“观景台”等处的人文景观;改建鱼嘴挖掘出土的东汉李冰石像和“饮水思源”石刻;歌颂李冰父子降龙治水的民间传说和具有一定宗教神学色彩的祭祀活动;以及由此而产生的祭水、祭神、祭人的诗、词、书画的水文学等,形成独具特色的都江堰水文化。都江堰有块石碑,上面刻着“深淘滩,低作堰”字样。

dujiangyan is located in the town of dujiangyan irrigation mouth chengdu city, sichuan province, is china construction in the ancient and use of large water conservancy project, known as "the ancestor of the world water conservancy culture", is the national famous tourist resort. usually think, dujiangyan water conservancy project is by the state of qin shu satrap bing and his son leads to built around 256 bc, is so far, all over the world s most long, the only thing left, is characterized by no dam persion of water conservancy project, is also a national key cultural relics protection units. scenic spot dujiangyan water conservancy project makes full use of local geographical conditions of high northwest, southeast low, according to the mountain rivers in special terrain, water vein, water potential, return pattern, no dam persion, gravity irrigation, the embankment, water, water, sand, curtains on interdependence, for system, to ensure the water flood control, irrigation, water transportation and social comprehensive benefits into full play.

after the completion of dujiangyan, the chengdu plain lies thousands of miles, " from people, do not know famine, when no famine," tianfu ". culture has a great development of the economy in sichuan province. its greatest dam was built two thousand years enduring, and it plays a more and more big. dujiangyan to create, in order to does not destroy the natural resources, make full use of natural resources for human services for the premise, change for profit. hub of dujiangyan irrigation system is mainly composed of fish mouth, fly sand dam, baopingkou three major projects. all organic coordination and restraining each other, coordinated operation, water persion irrigation fields, the flood disaster reduction, with the effect of "hexagon, flat flow drought". the best travel time dujiangyan annual temperature is higher, annual average temperature 12 ~ 20 ℃, in hot summer and warm winter, the four seasons is not obvious, the four seasons are suitable for tourism. history and culture of dujiangyan to create, not to destroy the natural resources, make full use of natural resources for human services for the premise, change for profit, make the person highly synergistic, land, water, the world has so far only a great "ecological engineering".

ushered in a new era in the history of chinese ancient history of water conservancy, marked the history of water conservancy in china has entered a new stage, wrote a glorious chapter in the history of water conservancy. the dujiangyan irrigation project, is the crystallization of the wisdom of ancient people in china, is an epoch-making masterpiece of chinese culture. the dujiangyan irrigation project. long after 2260 years, the world's very long time, the only thing left, is characterized by no dam persion of water conservancy project. it is the most successful in the history of chinese ancient water conservancy works, especially the ancient water conservancy project in use today, "the past", only the wonders. with the construction of roughly the same time than the irrigation system, the family of ancient egypt and cuba and china's shaanxi zhengguo canal and guangxi, the efficacious canal and the passage of time, because of the sea change or annihilation, or failure, only the town of dujiangyan, with the construction of long standing and well established, fertile land, white still moistens land of abundance.

by the dujiangyan with a >

i recently started a new job, in a small office, where four of us share a fridge. in that fridge is a brita water filter pitcher. one of my coworkers complained the water tasted "dirty". it went on for a few days, and she was stunned i could drink the water without any trouble. i started to doubt my taste buds, but the water really tasted fine.

最近我找了份新工作,是在一间小办公室里,我们四个人共用一个冰箱。冰箱里有一个brita牌滤水壶,有一个同事抱怨说水喝起来感觉很“脏”,她连续抱怨了几天,还很震惊我喝这样的水竟然没事。我开始怀疑自己的味蕾出问题了,但我真觉着水喝着还不错。

finally, she figured out the problem was actually her cup. she simply forgot to clean it, and after awhile started to affect the water inside it. she cleaned her cup, and drank the water with no problem.

最后,她发现问题出在了她的杯子上,她只是忘了刷杯子,过一段时间就影响里面水的味道了。她把杯子洗干净了,水就没有异味了。

i can't help but think about the world we live in. too often we quickly blame other people, other things, anything else but ourselves. "you're racist". "you're intolerant". "you're the problem". the world isn't perfect, i know, but i think we should take a step back sometimes and ask ourselves some tough questions.

我禁不住思考了我们生活的世界,我们总是急于责备其他人、其他事、除了自己之外的一切东西。“你有种族歧视”、“你太狭隘”、“是你的问题”,我知道世界并不完美,但我认为有时我们应该退一步,问自己几个很难回答的问题。

can i be better? is my heart really pure? can i help this situation with kindness?

我能变得更好吗?我的心真的纯洁吗?我能带着善意解决问题吗?

i want to tell you this; please clean your cup. because when you do, the water will taste much better. i promise you this.

我想告诉你这个道理:请洗干净自己的杯子。因为只有你把杯子洗干净了,里面的水味道才会好,我保证。

instead of saying "i don't have time" try saying "it's not a priority" and see how that feels. often that's a perfectly adequate explanation. i have time to iron my sheets, i just don't want to. but other things are harder. try it:

与其说“我没有时间”不如试着说“这事不紧急”,看看效果有什么不同。通常情况下,这个一个理由充分的借口。我有时间熨床单,但我就是懒得去做。那要是换成别的事情就没有说的这么轻巧了,试试下面的说法。

"i'm not going to edit your resume, sweetie, because it's not a priority."

“亲爱的,我不会去帮你改简历的,因为这不是什么要紧的事情。”

"i don't go to the doctor because my health is not a priority."

“我不会去看医生的,因为我的健康不是什么要紧的事情。”

if these phrases don't sit well, that's the point. changing our language reminds us that time is a choice. if we don't like how we're spending an hour, we can choose differently.

这些说法是不是听起来很怪,对,这就是重点。换个不同的表达方式,让我们意识到时间是一种选择。如何度过某个小时,根据我们的喜恶,我们的选择会大不相同。

a woman baked chapatti for members of her family and an extra one for a hungry passerby. she kept the extra chapatti on the window sill. every day, a hunchback came and took away the chapatti. instead of expressing gratitude, he muttered the following words as he went his way: “the evil you do remains with you: the good you do, comes back to you!”

一个女人给家人烤薄饼,还留出一个给饥肠辘辘的路人。她总是把留出的那个放在窗台上,每天都有一个驼背的人来拿走薄饼。他没说过一句“谢谢”,反而总是边走边咕哝着:“善有善报,恶有恶报!”

the woman felt irritated. “not a word of gratitude,” she said to herself… “everyday this hunchback utters this jingle! what does he mean?” one day, she decided to do away with him. she added poison to the chapatti she prepared for him!

女人很生气,她自言自语地说:“这个驼背人从没说过谢谢,却每天都重复这句话,是什么意思呀?”一天,她决定弄死他,就在为他准备的薄饼上下了毒。

as she was about to keep it on the window sill, her hands trembled. “what is this i am doing?” she said. immediately, she threw the chapatti into the fire, prepared another one. as usual, the hunchback came, picked up the chapatti and muttered the words: “the evil you do, remains with you: the good you do, comes back to you!”

她正要把饼放在窗台上,手就开始颤抖了,她说:“我在做什么?”她马上把饼扔进了火里,重新做了一张。一切照旧,驼背人来了,拿起薄饼,咕哝着:“善有善报,恶有恶报!”

every day, as the woman placed the chapatti on the window sill, she offered a prayer for her son who had gone to a distant place to seek his fortune.

每天女人把饼放窗台上时都为去远方赚钱的儿子祈祷。

that evening, there was a knock on the door. as she opened it, she was surprised to find her son standing in the doorway. he was hungry and weak. as he saw his mother, he said, “mom, it’s a miracle i’m here. while i was but a mile away, i was so famished that i collapsed. i would have died, but just then an old hunchback passed by. he was kind enough to give me a whole chapatti. he said, “your need is greater than mine!”

那天晚上,有人敲门,她打开门惊讶地发现儿子站在门口,他很饿很虚弱。一看见妈妈他就说:“妈妈,我能回来真是奇迹。离家还有一英里远的时候,我太饿了走不动了。我差点儿就死了,但就在那时一个老驼背人路过,他很善良给了我一整张饼。他说:‘你比我更需要它’。”

she remembered the poisoned chapatti that she had made that morning. had she not burnt it in the fire, it would have been eaten by her own son!

她想起了那天早上做的有毒的饼,要不是她把饼烧了,就会被她儿子吃了!

it was then that she realized the significance of the words: “the evil you do remains with you: the good you do, comes back to you!” do good and don’t ever stop doing good, even if it is not appreciated at that time.

那时她才意识到这句话的重要性:“善有善报,恶有恶报!”多行善举,即使当时不被人感激也要坚持下去。

有关水的英文简短五

what fear can teach us

恐惧可以教会我们什么

one day in 1819, 3,000 miles off the coast of chile, in one of the most remote regions of the pacific ocean, 20 american sailors watched their ship flood with seawater.

1820xx年的某一天, 在距离智利海岸3000英里的地方, 有一个太平洋上的最偏远的水域, 20名美国船员目睹了他们的船只进水的场面。

they'd been struck by a sperm whale, which had ripped a catastrophic hole in the ship's hull. as their ship began to sink beneath the swells, the men huddled together in three small whaleboats.

他们和一头抹香鲸相撞,给船体撞了 一个毁灭性的大洞。 当船在巨浪中开始沉没时, 人们在三条救生小艇中抱作一团。

these men were 10,000 miles from home, more than 1,000 miles from the nearest scrap of land. in their small boats, they carried only rudimentary navigational equipment and limited supplies of food and water.

这些人在离家10000万英里的地方, 离最近的陆地也超过1000英里。 在他们的小艇中,他们只带了 落后的导航设备 和有限的食物和饮水。

these were the men of the whaleship essex, whose story would later inspire parts of "moby dick."

他们就是捕鲸船essex上的人们, 后来的他们的故事成为《白鲸记》的一部分。

even in today's world, their situation would be really dire, but think about how much worse it would have been then.

即使在当今的世界,碰上这种情况也够杯具的,更不用说在当时的情况有多糟糕。

no one on land had any idea that anything had gone wrong. no search party was coming to look for these men. so most of us have never experienced a situation as frightening as the one in which these sailors found themselves, but we all know what it's like to be afraid.

岸上的人根本就还没意识到出了什么问题。 没有任何人来搜寻他们。 我们当中大部分人没有经历过 这些船员所处的可怕情景, 但我们都知道害怕是什么感觉。

we know how fear feels, but i'm not sure we spend enough time thinking about what our fears mean.

我们知道恐惧的感觉, 但是我不能肯定我们会花很多时间想过 我们的恐惧到底意味着什么。

as we grow up, we're often encouraged to think of fear as a weakness, just another childish thing to discard like baby teeth or roller skates.

我们长大以后,我们总是会被鼓励把恐惧 视为软弱,需要像乳牙或轮滑鞋一样 扔掉的幼稚的东西。

and i think it's no accident that we think this way. neuroscientists have actually shown that human beings are hard-wired to be optimists.

我想意外事故并非我们所想的那样。 神经系统科学家已经知道人类 生来就是乐观主义者。

so maybe that's why we think of fear, sometimes, as a danger in and of itself. "don't worry," we like to say to one another. "don't panic." in english, fear is something we conquer. it's something we fight.

这也许就是为什么我们认为有时候恐惧, 本身就是一种危险或带来危险。 “不要愁。”我们总是对别人说。“不要慌”。 英语中,恐惧是我们需要征服的东西。 是我们必须对抗的东西,是我们必须克服的东西。

it's something we overcome. but what if we looked at fear in a fresh way? what if we thought of fear as an amazing act of the imagination, something that can be as profound and insightful as storytelling itself?

但是我们如果换个视角看恐惧会如何呢? 如果我们把恐惧当做是想象力的一个惊人成果, 是和我们讲故事一样 精妙而有见地的东西,又会如何呢?

it's easiest to see this link between fear and the imagination in young children, whose fears are often extraordinarily vivid.

在小孩子当中,我们最容易看到恐惧与想象之间的联系, 他们的恐惧经常是超级生动的。

when i was a child, i lived in california, which is, you know, mostly a very nice place to live, but for me as a child, california could also be a little scary.

我小时候住在加利福尼亚, 你们都知道,是非常适合居住的位置, 但是对一个小孩来说,加利福尼亚也会有点吓人。

i remember how frightening it was to see the chandelier that hung above our dining table swing back and forth during every minor earthquake, and i sometimes couldn't sleep at night, terrified that the big one might strike while we were sleeping.

我记得每次小地震的时候 当我看到我们餐桌上的吊灯 晃来晃去的时候是多么的吓人, 我经常会彻夜难眠,担心大地震 会在我们睡觉的时候突然袭来。

and what we say about kids who have fears like that is that they have a vivid imagination. but at a certain point, most of us learn to leave these kinds of visions behind and grow up.

我们说小孩子感受到这种恐惧 是因为他们有生动的想象力。 但是在某个时候,我们大多数学会了 抛弃这种想法而变得成熟。

we learn that there are no monsters hiding under the bed, and not every earthquake brings buildings down. but maybe it's no coincidence that some of our most creative minds fail to leave these kinds of fears behind as adults.

我们都知道床下没有魔鬼, 也不是每个地震都会震垮房子。但是我们当中最有想象力的人们 并没有因为成年而抛弃这种恐惧,这也许并不是巧合。

the same incredible imaginations that produced "the origin of species," "jane eyre" and "the remembrance of things past," also generated intense worries that haunted the adult lives of charles darwin, charlotte brontăť and marcel proust. so the question is, what can the rest of us learn about fear from visionaries and young children?

同样不可思议的想象力创造了《物种起源》, 《简·爱》和《追忆似水年华》, 也就是这种与生俱来的深深的担忧一直缠绕着成年的 查尔斯·达尔文, 夏洛特·勃朗特和马塞尔·普罗斯特。 问题就来了, 我们其他人如何能从这些 梦想家和小孩子身上学会恐惧?

well let's return to the year 1819 for a moment, to the situation facing the crew of the whaleship essex. let's take a look at the fears that their imaginations were generating as they drifted in the middle of the pacific.

让我们暂时回到1820xx年, 回到essex捕鲸船的水手们面对的情况。 让我们看看他们漂流在太平洋中央时 他们的想象力给他们带来的恐惧感觉。

twenty-four hours had now passed since the capsizing of the ship. the time had come for the men to make a plan, but they had very few options.

船倾覆后已经过了24个小时。 这时人们制定了一个计划, 但是其实他们没什么太多的选择。

in his fascinating account of the disaster, nathaniel philbrick wrote that these men were just about as far from land as it was possible to be anywhere on earth.

在纳撒尼尔·菲尔布里克(nathaniel philbrick)描述这场灾难的 动人文章中,他写到“这些人离陆地如此之远, 似乎永远都不可能到达地球上的任何一块陆地。”

the men knew that the nearest islands they could reach were the marquesas islands, 1,200 miles away. but they'd heard some frightening rumors.

这些人知道离他们最近的岛 是1200英里以外的马克萨斯群岛(marquesas islands)。 但是他们听到了让人恐怖的谣言。

they'd been told that these islands, and several others nearby, were populated by cannibals. so the men pictured coming ashore only to be murdered and eaten for dinner. another possible destination was hawaii, but given the season, the captain was afraid they'd be struck by severe storms.

他们听说这些群岛, 以及附近的一些岛屿上都住着食人族。 所以他们脑中都是上岸以后就会被杀掉 被人当做盘中餐的画面。 另一个可行的目的地是夏威夷, 但是船长担心 他们会被困在风暴当中。

now the last option was the longest, and the most difficult: to sail 1,500 miles due south in hopes of reaching a certain band of winds that could eventually push them toward the coast of south america.

所以最后的选择是到最远,也是最艰险的地方: 往南走1500英里希望某股风 能最终把他们 吹到南美洲的海岸。

but they knew that the sheer length of this journey would stretch their supplies of food and water. to be eaten by cannibals, to be battered by storms, to starve to death before reaching land.

但是他们知道这个行程中一旦偏航 将会耗尽他们食物和饮水的供给。 被食人族吃掉,被风暴掀翻, 在登陆前饿死。

these were the fears that danced in the imaginations of these poor men, and as it turned out, the fear they chose to listen to would govern whether they lived or died.

这就是萦绕在这群可怜的人想象中的恐惧, 事实证明,他们选择听从的恐惧 将决定他们的生死。

now we might just as easily call these fears by a different name. what if instead of calling them fears, we called them stories?

也许我们可以很容易的用别的名称来称呼这些恐惧。 我们不称之为恐惧, 而是称它们为故事如何?

because that's really what fear is, if you think about it. it's a kind of unintentional storytelling that we are all born knowing how to do. and fears and storytelling have the same components.

如果你仔细想想,这是恐惧真正的意义。 这是一种与生俱来的, 无意识的讲故事的能力。 恐惧和讲故事有着同样的构成。

they have the same architecture. like all stories, fears have characters. in our fears, the characters are us. fears also have plots. they have beginnings and middles and ends. you board the plane.

他们有同样的结构。 如同所有的故事,恐惧中有角色。 在恐惧中,角色就是我们自己。 恐惧也有情节。他们有开头,有中间,有结尾。 你登上飞机。

the plane takes off. the engine fails. our fears also tend to contain imagery that can be every bit as vivid as what you might find in the pages of a novel. picture a cannibal, human teeth sinking into human skin, human flesh roasting over a fire.

飞机起飞。结果引擎故障。 我们的恐惧会包括各种生动的想象, 不比你看到的任何一个小说逊色。 想象食人族,人类牙齿 咬在人类皮肤上, 人肉在火上烤。

fears also have suspense. if i've done my job as a storyteller today, you should be wondering what happened to the men of the whaleship essex. our fears provoke in us a very similar form of suspense.

恐惧中也有悬念。 如果我今天像讲故事一样,留个悬念不说了, 你们也许会很想知道 essex捕鲸船上,人们到底怎么样了。 我们的恐惧用悬念一样的方式刺激我们。

just like all great stories, our fears focus our attention on a question that is as important in life as it is in literature: what will happen next?

就像一个很好的故事,我们的恐惧也如同一部好的文学作品一样, 将我们的注意力集中在对我们生命至关重要的问题上: 后来发生了什么?

in other words, our fears make us think about the future. and humans, by the way, are the only creatures capable of thinking about the future in this way, of projecting ourselves forward in time, and this mental time travel is just one more thing that fears have in common with storytelling.

换而言之,我们的恐惧让我们想到未来。 另外,人来是唯一有能力 通过这种方式想到未来的生物, 就是预测时间推移后我们的状况, 这种精神上的时间旅行是恐惧 与讲故事的另一个共同点。

as a writer, i can tell you that a big part of writing fiction is learning to predict how one event in a story will affect all the other events, and fear works in that same way.

我是一个作家,我要告诉你们写小说一个很重要的部分 就是学会预测故事中一件 事情如何影响另一件事情, 恐惧也是同样这么做的。

in fear, just like in fiction, one thing always leads to another. when i was writing my first novel, "the age of miracles," i spent months trying to figure out what would happen if the rotation of the earth suddenly began to slow down. what would happen to our days?

恐惧中,如同小说一样,一件事情总是导致另一件事情。 我写我的第一部小说《奇迹时代》的时候, 我花了数月的时间想象如果地球旋转突然变慢了之后 会发生什么。 我们的一天变得如何?

what would happen to our crops? what would happen to our minds? and then it was only later that i realized how very similar these questions were to the ones i used to ask myself as a child frightened in the night.

我们身体会怎样? 我们的思想会有什么变化? 也就是在那之后,我意识到 我过去总是问自己的那些些问题 和孩子们在夜里害怕是多么的相像。

if an earthquake strikes tonight, i used to worry, what will happen to our house? what will happen to my family? and the answer to those questions always took the form of a story.

要是在过去,如果今晚发生地震,我会很担心, 我的房子会怎么样啊?家里人会怎样啊? 这类问题的答案通常都会和故事一样。

so if we think of our fears as more than just fears but as stories, we should think of ourselves as the authors of those stories. but just as importantly, we need to think of ourselves as the readers of our fears, and how we choose to read our fears can have a profound effect on our lives.

所以我们认为我们的恐惧不仅仅是恐惧 还是故事,我们应该把自己当作 这些故事的作者。 但是同样重要的是,我们需要想象我们自己 是我们恐惧的解读者,我们选择如何 去解读这些恐惧会对我们的生活产生深远的影响。

now, some of us naturally read our fears more closely than others. i read about a study recently of successful entrepreneurs, and the author found that these people shared a habit that he called "productive paranoia," which meant that these people, instead of dismissing their fears, these people read them closely, they studied them, and then they translated that fear into preparation and action.

现在,我们中有些人比其他人更自然的解读自己的恐惧。 最近我看过一个关于成功的企业家的研究, 作者发现这些人都有个习惯 叫做“未雨绸缪“, 意思是,这些人,不回避自己的恐惧, 而是认真解读并研究恐惧, 然后把恐惧转换成准备和行动。

so that way, if their worst fears came true, their businesses were ready.

这样,如果最坏的事情发生了, 他们的企业也有所准备。

and sometimes, of course, our worst fears do come true. that's one of the things that is so extraordinary about fear. once in a while, our fears can predict the future.

当然,很多时候,最坏的事情确实发生了。 这是恐惧非凡的一面。 曾几何时,我们的恐惧预测将来。

but we can't possibly prepare for all of the fears that our imaginations concoct. so how can we tell the difference between the fears worth listening to and all the others? i think the end of the story of the whaleship essex offers an illuminating, if tragic, example.

但是我们不可能为我们想象力构建的所有 恐惧来做准备。 所以,如何区分值得听从的恐惧 和不值得的呢? 我想捕鲸船essex的故事结局 提供了一个有启发性,同时又悲惨的例子。

after much deliberation, the men finally made a decision. terrified of cannibals, they decided to forgo the closest islands and instead embarked on the longer and much more difficult route to south america.

经过数次权衡,他们最终做出了决定。 由于害怕食人族,他们决定放弃最近的群岛 而是开始更长 更艰难的南美洲之旅。

after more than two months at sea, the men ran out of food as they knew they might, and they were still quite far from land. when the last of the survivors were finally picked up by two passing ships, less than half of the men were left alive, and some of them had resorted to their own form of cannibalism.

在海上呆了两个多月后,他们 的食物如预料之中消耗殆尽, 而且他们仍然离陆地那么远。 当最后的幸存者最终被过往船只救起时, 只有一小半的人还活着, 实际上他们中的一些人自己变成了食人族。

herman melville, who used this story as research for "moby dick," wrote years later, and from dry land, quote, "all the sufferings of these miserable men of the essex might in all human probability have been avoided had they, immediately after leaving the wreck, steered straight for tahiti.

赫尔曼·梅尔维尔(herman melville)将这个故事作为 《白鲸记》的素材,在数年后写到: essex船上遇难者的悲惨结局 或许是可以通过人为的努力避免的, 如果他们当机立断地离开沉船, 直奔塔西提群岛。

but," as melville put it, "they dreaded cannibals." so the question is, why did these men dread cannibals so much more than the extreme likelihood of starvation?

“但是”,梅尔维尔说道:“他们害怕食人族” 问题是,为什么这些人对于食人族的恐惧 超过了更有可能的饥饿威胁呢?

why were they swayed by one story so much more than the other? looked at from this angle, theirs becomes a story about reading. the novelist vladimir nabokov said that the best reader has a combination of two very different temperaments, the artistic and the scientific.

为什么他们会被一个故事 影响如此之大呢? 从另一个角度来看, 这是一个关于解读的故事。 小说家弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫(vladimir nabokov)说 最好的读者能把两种截然不同的性格结合起来, 一个是艺术气质,一个是科学精神。

a good reader has an artist's passion, a willingness to get caught up in the story, but just as importantly, the readers also needs the coolness of judgment of a scientist, which acts to temper and complicate the reader's intuitive reactions to the story. as we've seen, the men of the essex had no trouble with the artistic part.

好的读者有艺术家的热情, 愿意融入故事当中, 但是同样重要的是,这些读者还要 有科学家的冷静判断, 这能帮助他们稳定情绪并分析 其对故事的直觉反应。 我们可以看出来,essex上的人在艺术部分一点问题都没有。

they dreamed up a variety of horrifying scenarios. the problem was that they listened to the wrong story. of all the narratives their fears wrote, they responded only to the most lurid, the most vivid, the one that was easiest for their imaginations to picture: cannibals.

他们梦想到一系列恐怖的场景。 问题在于他们听从了一个错误的故事。 所有他们恐惧中 他们只对其中最耸人听闻,最生动的故事, 也是他们想象中最早出现的场景: 食人族。

but perhaps if they'd been able to read their fears more like a scientist, with more coolness of judgment, they would have listened instead to the less violent but the more likely tale, the story of starvation, and headed for tahiti, just as melville's sad commentary suggests.

也许,如果他们能像科学家那样 稍微冷静一点解读这个故事, 如果他们能听从不太惊悚但是更可能发生的 半路饿死的故事,他们可能就会直奔塔西提群岛, 如梅尔维尔充满惋惜的评论所建议的那样。

and maybe if we all tried to read our fears, we too would be less often swayed by the most salacious among them.

也许如果我们都试着解读自己的恐惧, 我们就能少被 其中的一些幻象所迷惑。

maybe then we'd spend less time worrying about serial killers and plane crashes, and more time concerned with the subtler and slower disasters we face: the silent buildup of plaque in our arteries, the gradual changes in our climate.

我们也就能少花一点时间在 为系列杀手或者飞机失事方面的担忧, 而是更多的关心那些悄然而至 的灾难: 动脉血小板的逐渐堆积, 气候的逐渐变迁。

just as the most nuanced stories in literature are often the richest, so too might our subtlest fears be the truest. read in the right way, our fears are an amazing gift of the imagination, a kind of everyday clairvoyance, a way of glimpsing what might be the future when there's still time to influence how that future will play out.

如同文学中最精妙的故事通常是最丰富的故事, 我们最细微的恐惧才是最真实的恐惧。 用正确的方法的解读,我们的恐惧就是我们想象力 赐给我们的礼物,借此一双慧眼, 让我们能管窥未来 甚至影响未来。

properly read, our fears can offer us something as precious as our favorite works of literature: a little wisdom, a bit of insight and a version of that most elusive thing -- the truth. thank you.

如果能得到正确的解读,我们的恐惧能 和我们最喜欢的文学作品一样给我们珍贵的东西: 一点点智慧,一点点洞悉 以及对最玄妙东西—— 真相的诠释。 谢谢。

(applause)

(掌声)

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